BIODIVERSITY AND SYSTEMATICS

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1. Biodiversity
1.1 Concept
1.2 Definition
1.3 Genetic Diversity
1.4 Species Diversity
1.5 Ecosystem Diversity
1.6 Magnitude of Biodiversity
1.6.1 Unexplored Areas
1.6.2 Domesticated Biodiversity
1.7 Distribution of Biodiversity
1.8 Assessment of biodiversity
1.9 Utilization of Biodiversity
1.9.1 Plants
1.9.2 Microbes
1.9.3 Animals
1.10 Conservation of Biodiversity
2. Population Dynamics
2.1 Population Density and Relative Abundance
2.1.1 Population Dispersion Patterns
2.1.2 Assessment of Population
2.1.3 Quantitative Characteristics of Population
2.2 Population Growth Forms
2.3 Population Age Distribution
2.3.1 Population Structure
2.3.2 Population Regulation
2.3.3 Density Dependent Control
2.3.4 Density Independent Control
2.3.5 ‘k’ and ‘r’ Strategists
2.4 Isolation and Territoriality
2.4.1 Isolation and Variations in the Population of a Species
2.4.2 Territoriality
2.5 Population Interaction
3. The Species and Individual in the Ecosystem
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What is an Individual?
3.3 Habitat and Niche
3.3.1 Segregation of Niche and Niche Adjustment
3.3.2 Food Source
3.3.3 Foraging Behavior
3.4 Ecological Equivalents
3.5 Biological Clock
3.5.1 Diurnal Cycle in Fresh Water
3.5.2 Lunar and Tidal Periodicity
3.5.3 Biological Calendar
3.6 Basic Behavioural Patterns
3.6.1 Two Life Styles
3.6.2 Behaviour of Plants
3.6.3 Feeding Behaviour
3.6.4 Behavioural Patterns in Animals
3.6.5 Social Behaviour
3.6.6 Play Behaviour
3.6.7 Dominance Hierarchies
3.6.8 Mating Behaviour
3.6.9 Communication Behaviours
4. Biodiversity and Major Biomes of World
4.1 Concept
4.2 Terrestrial Biomes
4.2.1 Tropical Forests (figure 4.1)
4.2.2 Savanna
4.2.3 Grass-land
4.2.4 Chaparral
4.2.5 Temperate Deciduous Forests
4.2.6 Taiga
4.2.7 Tundra
4.2.8 The Alpine Tundra Biome
4.2.9 Deserts
4.3 Aquatic Biomes
4.3.1 Fresh Water Life Zones
4.3.2 Marine Life Zones (figure 4.8)
4.4 Biogeography
4.4.1 Historical Biogeography
4.4.2 Ecological Biogeography
4.4.3 Concept of Biogeography Regions
4.4.4 Various Biogeographic Regions
4.4.5 Phytogeography
4.4.6 Zoogeography
5. Conservation of Biodiversity
5.1 What is Conservation?
5.2 Why to Conserve?
5.2.1 Threatened Species and Why to save them?
5.2.2 Causes of Biodiversity Loss
5.2.3 Categories of Threatened Species
5.2.4 Conservation of Species Diversity
5.3 “In situ” Conservation
5.3.1 Advantages
5.3.2 Limitations
5.3.3 Application
5.3.4 Indian Efforts for Wild Life Conservation
5.4 “Ex situ” Conservation
5.5 On Farm and Home Garden Conservation
5.6 Sacred Conservation Practices
5.7 ‘In situ’ or ‘Ex situ’ Conservation?
6. Conservation Laws, Policies and Organizations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Indian Scenario
6.2.1 British Regime
6.2.2 The Acts after Independence
6.3 The National Forest Policy, 1988
6.4 Wild Life Protection Act 1972
6.5 International Conventions
6.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
6.5.2 Background
6.5.3 Salient Features
6.6 CITES
6.7 International Organizations
6.8 Conservation Policies
7. Bioprospecting
7.1 Bioprospecting
7.1.1 Steps Involved in Bioprospecting
7.1.2 Historical Background
7.1.3 Some Examples of Bioprospecting
7.1.4 Present Scenario
7.1.5 Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS/TKS)
7.2 Bioprospecting and Biodiveristy
8. Biological Systematics - Principles and Practices
8.1 Aims and Objectives
8.1.1 Systematics - Need (figure 8.1)
8.1.2 Objectives of Systematics
8.1.3 General Systematic Principles
8.1.4 Systematics - Concept
8.2 Tools and Techniques in Biological Systematics
8.2.1 Tools
8.2.2 Techniques in Systematics
8.2.3 Electrophoresis
8.3 Systematics of Microorganisms
8.3.1 Morphology
8.3.2 Cytology
8.4 Systematics of Plant
8.4.1 Morphology
8.4.2 Anatomy
8.4.3 Phytochemistry
8.4.4 Cytology
8.4.5 Molecular Biology
8.4.6 Micromorphology
8.4.7 Embryology
8.5 Systematics of Animal
8.5.1 Systematic Position of Peripatus
8.5.2 Systematics of Branchiostoma Syn. Amphioxus
8.5.3 Dipnoi: The Lung Fishes
8.5.4 Axolotl
8.5.5 Systematic Position of Duck-billed Platypus I.E. Ornithorhynchus anatinus
8.5.6 Whales and Dolphins
8.5.7 Systematics and Serology
8.5.8 Systematics and Molecular Biology
9. Biosystematics
9.1 What is Biosystematics?
9.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy
9.2.1 What is a Taxon?
9.2.2 What is a Species?
9.2.3 Taxonomic Species and Biological Species
9.3 Environment or Genes?
9.3.1 A Case Study
9.3.2 Variations in the Species
9.4 Mechanism of Speciation
9.4.1 Process of Isolation
9.4.2 Mechanisms of Isolation
9.4.3 Genetic Disharmony
9.5 Steps in Biosystematics
9.6 Origin of New Species through Hybridization
9.6.1 A Case Study No.
9.6.2 A Case Study No.
9.7 Numerical Taxonomy
9.8 Cladogram
10. Analysis of Biodiversity
10.1 Biodiversity Indices based on Species
10.1.1 Measurement of Biodiversity
10.1.2 Various Indices of Measurement
10.2 Mathematical Model in Population Variation

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