FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

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1. Introduction to Plant Physiology
1.1 Why to study plant physiology?
1.2 History of plant physiology
1.3 Plants as organic laboratories
1.4 Survey of different organic compounds present in plants
1.5 Applications of plant physiology
2. Bio-Physical Phenomena in the Plant Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy transduction in the cells
2.3 Bioenergetics
2.4 Solutions, suspensions and colloids
2.5 Permeability
2.6 Diffusion
2.7 Osmosis
2.8 Plasmolysis
2.9 Imbibition
3. Absorption of Water
3.1 Water the elixir of life-role of water in plant life
3.2 Structure of water molecule, physicochemical properties of water
3.3 Sources of water, soil water, gravitational water, hygroscopic water, capillary water
3.4 Types of soil
3.5 Root hair-water absorbing part of the plant
3.6 Mechanism of water absorption 7
3.7 Factors affecting water absorption
4. Ascent of Sap
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of ascent of sap
4.3 Factors affecting ascent of sap
5. Transpiration
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transpiration and evaporation
5.3 Significance of transpiration
5.4 Types of transpiration
5.5 Mechanism of transpiration
5.6 Pathway of stomatal transpiration
5.7 Stomata
5.8 Theories explaining stomatal opening and closing
5.9 Factors affecting the rate of transpiration
5.10 Antitranspirants
6. Mineral Nutrition
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Essential elements
6.3 Criterion for essentiality
6.4 Methods of assessment of essentiality
6.5 Major and minor elements
6.6 Role and deficiency symptoms of N, P and K
6.7 Role of micronutrients in agriculture and horticulture
6.8 Role of fungi/mycorrhiza in agriculture
6.9 Liquid fertilizers
6.10 Foliar nutrition
6.11 Ion antagonism
6.12 Plants as mineral indicators
7. Mineral Salt Absorption
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil solution
7.3 Soil pH and availability of nutrients
7.4 Regions of the root involved in absorption
7.5 Mechanism of salt absorption
7.6 Factors affecting salt absorption
7.7 Difference between active and passive salty absorption
8. Plant Growth
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Growth and development
8.3 Regions of growth
8.4 Growth at different levels
8.5 Growth curve and grand period of growth
8.6 Kinetics of growth
8.7 Measurement of growth
8.8 Factors affecting growth
9. Plant Growth Regulators
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Auxins
9.3 Gibberellins
9.4 Cytokinins
9.5 Ethylene
9.6 Abscisic acid
10. Physiology of Flowering
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Regulation of sexulaity
10.3 Photoperiodism
10.4 Flowering hormone
10.5 Phytochrome and flowering
10.6 Endogenous rhythm
10.7 Hypothesis for photoperiodism
10.8 C/N ratio
10.9 Vernalization
10.10 Applications of knowledge of photoperiodism and vernalization

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